Carcinoma de células claras variedad no hialinizante de parótida: comunicación de dos casos con diferente grado de diferenciación / Non-hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma of the parotid: report of two cases with different grade of differentiation

El carcinoma de células claras es una neoplasia rara de bajo grado que se desarrolla casi exclusivamente en glándulas salivales menores humanas. El objetivo de esta comunicación es analizar las características estructurales, histoquímicas e inmunohistoquímicas (IHQ) de dos casos de carcinoma de células claras de parótida y realizar el diagnóstico diferencial con otros tumores salivales primarios y metastásicos que presentan células claras. Cortes de ambos tumores fueron procesados para H/E, tricrómicos de Masson y Dane, Azul de toluidina, Azul alciano, PAS y PAS/diastasa; marcaciones IHQ para citoqueratinas de bajo y alto peso molecular, ki67, HMB45, p63 y proteína S-100. El patrón estructural de estos tumores estaba determinado por nidos y cordones de células claras delimitados por un estroma no hialinizado. En un tumor se observó una neoplasia maligna a células claras con manifiesta anaplasia. La expresión de ki67 fue importante. El otro tumor estaba constituido por células claras monomorfas sin signos manifiestos de atipia y casi nula expresión de ki67. Con PAS se demostró la presencia de glucógeno y no se observó un desarrollo importante del estroma colágeno en ambas neoplasias. En ambos casos resultó francamente positiva la inmunomarcación para citoqueratinas de bajo y alto peso molecular. Por el contrario resultó negativa para HMB45 y p63. La proteína S-100 tuvo su expresión en células aisladas. Se concluye que los casos presentados son de localización poco común (parótida) según lo descripto en la bibliografía; corresponden a la variedad no hialinizante ya que no está presente un importante estroma colágeno hialinizado, y ambos tumores son primarios de glándulas salivales, de origen epitelial, no melanocítico ni hematopoyético (linfomas) como lo demuestran las marcaciones IHQ.

The clear cell carcinoma is a rare neoplam of low level grade that develops almost exclusively in human minor salivary glands. The objective of this present work is to analyze the structural, histochemical and inmunohistochemical (IHQ) characteristics of two cases of parotid clear cell carcinoma and make a differential diagnosis with other primary and metastatic salivary tumors that clear cells show. Serial cuts of both tumors were processed for H/E, Masson and Dane trichromes, Toluidine blue, Alcian blue, PAS and PAS/diastase; IHQ marking of both high-and low-molecular weight cytokeratins, ki67, HMB45, p63 and S-100 protein. The structural pattern of these tumors were determined by nests and cords of clear cells delimited by a stroma non hyaline. In a tumor a malign neoplasia was observed in clear cells with anaplasia. The ki67 expression was important. The other tumor was constitued of clear monomorph cells without manifestation signs of atypia and almost no ki67 expression. With PAS was confirmed the presence of glycogen and not observed an important development of the collagen stroma in both neoplasms. Both cases resulted very positive the immunostaining of both high and low molecular weight cytokeratins. It resulted negative for the HMB45 and p63. The protein S-100 has it´s expression in isolated cells. We conclude that: the presented cases are very uncommon localization (parotid) as described by the literature; it matches a non hyalinizing variety because a very important hyalinized collagen stroma is not present, both primary tumors of salivary glands, of epithelial origin, non melanocytic, renal or hematopoietic lymphomas which shows immunostaining IHQ.

Estudio morfométrico comparativo de la corteza cerebelosa humana en dos grupos etarios / Comparative morphometric study of human cerebellar cortex in two age groups

Histológicamente la corteza del cerebelo humano adulto presenta tres capas constitutivas; la capa molecular, la hilera de los cuerpos de las células de Purkinje y la capa granulosa interna. La sustancia cortical del cerebelo de los embriones de mamífero, así como la de los jóvenes, muestran una capa granular externa. Nuestro objetivo es documentar las diferencias morfológicas entre las capas de la corteza cerebelosa adulta y joven. Se realizaron estudios morfométricos microscópicos en 20 cerebelos de autopsias. Los casos se dividieron en dos grupos, adultos y niños menores de 1 año. Se realizaron cortes en parafina, coloreados con hematoxilina y eosina. La corteza del cerebelo adulto presentó diferencias morfológicas con la de los recién nacidos. En el cerebelo adulto presenta tres capas constitutivas, mientras que en el recién nacido presenta una cuarta capa, la granulosa externa...

Histologically, the adult human cerebellar cortex has three constituent layers, the molecular layer, the row of bodies of Purkinje cells and internal granular layer. The cortex of the cerebellum of mammalian embryos, as well as youth, show external granular layer. Our goal is to document morphological differences between the layers of the cerebellar cortex adult and young. Microscopic morphometric studies were performed in 20 cerebellum autopsied. The cases were divided into two groups, adults and children under 1 year. Paraffin sections were performed, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The cortex of adult cerebellum showed morphological differences of the newborn. In the adult cerebellum has three constituent layers, whereas in the newborn has a fourth layer, the external granular...

Biological effects produced by intense pulsed light (Xe-Cl) on the cartilage of the tongue chick embryo using various filters / Efectos biológicos producidos por la luz pulsada intensa (Xe-Cl) sobre el cartílago lingual del embrión de pollo usando diversos filtros

The Laser used correctly in the medical practice offers clear advantages compared with traditional therapies. The improvement and even the elimination of many significant skin lesions can be achieved with reduced risks to patients. However, it is important to keep security measures and understand the possible effects on an experimental model. The chick embryo is a good model to evaluate the direct effects of non-ionizing radiation for its easy handling and availability. The purpose of this communication is to show our histological findings in organs of the chick embryo with and without protective barrier to be subjected to radiation excimer. We used the following issuers: intense pulsed light (excimer Xe-Cl laser of 308 nm wavelength). It was irradiated embryos through an open window on eggshells. Aseptically the eggs were kept for 24 hours in an incubator. The protective barriers were used with and without colored glass, latex, cellophane, paper, polycarbonate of different colors and thicknesses. The most outstanding results, with no barrier and barriers with transparent and green were intense marked congestion in capillaries, edema and focus the necrosis. We concluded that the tissue changes observed are consistent with possible side effects of these radiations fototérmicos we warned about possible side effects when they are applied indiscriminately. We believe it is important to explore different means to safeguard the safety of operators and patients.

El láser utilizado correctamente en la práctica médica ofrece claras ventajas cuando se compara con las terapias tradicionales. La mejoría e incluso la eliminación significativa de muchas lesiones cutáneas se pueden lograr con riesgos reducidos para los pacientes. Sin embargo, es importante guardar medidas de seguridad y conocer los posibles efectos en un modelo experimental. El embrión de pollo es un buen modelo para evaluar los efectos directos de radiaciones no ionizantes por su fácil manipulación y disponibilidad. El objetivo del presente trabajo es comunicar los cambios histopatológicos en órganos del embrión de pollo con y sin barrera de protección al ser sometido a radiación excimer. Se utilizó el siguiente elemento emisor: luz pulsada intensa (Xe-Cl excimer laser de 308 nm de longitud de onda. Se irradiaron los embriones a través de una ventana abierta en la cáscara del huevo. Los huevos fueron mantenidos asépticamente por 24 hs en una incubadora. Las barreras de protección utilizadas fueron vidrio con y sin color, latex, celofán, papel, policarbonato de diferentes colores y espesores. Los resultados más sobresalientes, sin barrera y con barreras transparentes y de color verde fueron: intensa vasocongestión, edema y focosde necrosis. Se concluye que las modificaciones tisulares observadas son compatibles con posibles efectos fototérmicos colaterales de estas radiaciones los que nos advierten sobre posibles efectos adversos cuando las mismas se aplican indiscriminadamente. Creemos que es de importancia estudiar los diferentes medios que permitan resguardar la seguridad de los pacientes y operadores.

Association of insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1], dietary intake and cognitive functions in normal school age children

Insulin-like growth factor I [IGF-I] is a hormone that mediates the effects of growth hormone and plays a critical role in somatic growth regulation and organ development. It is hypothesized that it also plays a key role in human brain development. The dietary determinants of circulating levels of components of the IGF system are of interest, as these may mediate some of the effects of diet on later health. However, few studies have examined the relationship between diet and IGF-1 levels in children, as well as the relationship between IGF-1 and mental development. To investigate the role of diet on levels of IGF-I and their relationships with measures of IQ in a group of healthy children. The study included 222 apparently healthy children [113 boys and 109 girls], their height for age and weight for age were between 10[th]-90[th] percentiles according to World Health Organization [WHO] growth standards, their age ranged 8-11 years and all were prepubescent. They were chosen randomly from primary schools located in urban Giza Governorate. Nutritional status was assessed by 24-hours dietary intake history and anthropometric measurements [weight, height]. Plasma IGF-1 was evaluated by radioimmu-noassay technique, growth hormone [GH] was determined by immuno-enzymatic assay. Intelligence quotient [IQ] was measured with the Arabic version of the revised-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Familial background was investigated through structured questionnaire. IGF-1 levels [mean +/- SD] were 142.6 +/- 43.3 ng/mL for girls and 139.4 +/- 39.6ng/mL for boys. GH level was within normal range. IQ scores [mean +/- SD] were 101.03 +/- 17.4 and 103.11 +/- 19.8 for boys and girls, respectively. IGF-1 levels were associated positively with IQ [r=0.81, p

Histología y embriología oral clínicamente integradas como herramienta didactica en un curso de grado de la carrera de odontologia / Oral histology and embryology clinically integrated as a teaching tool in an undergraduated dentistry course of studies

The teaching of Oral Histology and Embryology clinically integrated was designed as a pilot experience to be developed during the 2005 academic year at the Division of Histology and Embryology (Chair [quot ]A[quot ]) of the National University of Cordoba School of Dentistry. This experience, in which the members of the faculty of the Department of Clinical and Basic Sciences have an active participation, is based on a systemic conception of the learning-teaching process and on the recommendations made by the OPS/OMS. This approach will allow us to optimize the quality of our undergraduate programs through better teacher training and the gradual integration of basic and clinical sciences. Our aim is to provide a better education with clinical relevance in basic sciences and scientific basis in clinical assistance.

La enseñanza integrada es un modelo pedagógico que se sustenta fundamentalmente en la concentración de los aspectos relevantes de un conjunto de disciplinas interrelacionadas, obteniéndose como producto una síntesis interdisciplinaria, lo que proporciona una visión más holística de la enseñanza y le permite al educando integrar conocimientos. A partir de esta concepción sistémica del proceso de enseñanza/aprendizaje y de las recomendaciones de OPS/OMS, se diseñó como experiencia piloto para el Ciclo Lectivo 2005 de la Cátedra "A" de Histología y Embriología de la Facultad de Odontología perteneciente a la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, la enseñanza de la Histología y Embriología Oral clínicamente integradas, con activa participación de docentes de Ciencias Básicas y Clínicas. La estrategia para la sistematización de los contenidos de los módulos de aprendizaje se basó en una dinámica que se sustenta en el uso de facilitadores didácticos, que recrean instrumentos didácticos como son las ideas previas, los mapas conceptuales, la resolución de problemas y el estudio de casos clínicos. Esta experiencia nos va a permitir optimizar la calidad de la oferta educativa de grado a través de la mejora de la formación docente y la gradual integración de las ciencias básicas y clínicas, para el logro de una educación con relevancia clínica en las ciencias básicas y con base científica en la asistencia clínica.

Avian minor salivary glands: an ultrastructural study of the secretory granules in mucous and seromucous cells

Ultrastructural descriptions in birds are scarce thus, in this study we have characterized the secretory granules of mucous and seromucous cells from the palatine and lingual salivary glands of birds with different diets. The samples were taken from the tongue and palatine mucosa of chicken (Gallus gallus), quail (Coturnix coturnix), chimango (Milvago chimango) and white heron (Egretta thula). The samples were processed for observation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) employing 4

Karnovsky solution for fixation. The most noteworthy finding was the heterogeneous ultrastructural appearance of the secretory granules. Differences in substructure were found between the four species, between the palatine and lingual glands in the same species and even within the same acinus and the same cell. At variance with other authors, these differences cannot be attributed to the type of fixative solution used taking into account that all the samples were processed in the same way. Previous histochemical studies have shown the presence of sulfated and non sulfated glycoconjugates in these glands which can be associated to the maturation of the granules. These granules are probably representative of peculiar storage of the secretory products that would give rise to a heterogeneous and complex ultrastructural pattern of granules in the mucosa and seromucosa cells of these avian species.

Embryogeny of human labial glands: a structural, ultrastructural and cytochemical study

A histochemical study of labial glands was performed to compare the different stages of differentiation with those of lingual glands previously studied. Labial glands of 8 to 32 week old human fetuses were analyzed with Hematoxylin/eosine, PAS, Cason, Alcian blue, Toluidine blue, methenamine/silver, TEM and Ruthenium red techniques. At 8-10 weeks various differentiation phases of cell cords originated in the epithelium of the labial mucosa were observed. Acinar buds had PAS positive, alcianophilic and metachromatic material in the lumen of 14 week labial glands. The excretory ducts featured similar characteristics. At 24 weeks groups of mucous and seromucous acini were identified and the mucosubstances increased in the 32 week old fetuses. These results show that the labial glands are histophysiologically differentiated at an earlier stage of development (14 weeks) as compared to lingual glands (20 weeks). However, mucosubstance production would begin during the early phases of embryogenesis for both labial and lingual glands.

Evolución embriológica del órgano lingual del pollo / [Embryological development of the chick tongue]

Evolutionary, structural, ultrastructural and cytochemical studies (PAS, alcian blue, toluidine blue, Ruthenium red) were performed in chick tongues 7 to 19 days development, with the aim of observing the histomorphological changes during growth and differentiation. At 7 days the tongue was covered by a flat epithelium without cornification, with four cell lines. As an axis was observed a central hyaline-cartilaginous skeleton surrounded by mesenchyma. Since 11 days appeared glandular buds and canalized cell cords united trough complexes. At 15 days the epithelial thickness increased remarkably. The subepithelial connective tissue, already notably differentiated, formed papillae. Glandular acini contained PAS positive, alcianophilic, metachromatic and positive ruthenium red substance. Ultrastructurally, glands showed clear cells, with decreased electronic density and organoids randomly distributed and dark cells having electrodense cytoplasm and more organized organoids. At 19 days the epithelium was cornified in the tongue anterior half. A net increment of glycoconjugates was detected in glands. These observations show: 1) lingual glands secrete mucins since 15 days of embryonic development; 2) the cornified anterior epithelium is the result of a genetic pattern and not of a later functional adaptation to the type of feeding (grain eating birds).

Evolución morfohistoquímica del mesénquima en glándulas labiales fetales humanas / [Morphohistochemical development of mesenchyme in human fetal labial glands]

The structural and histochemical patterns of the salivary mesenchyma were analysed in relation to the epithelium of the labial glands during the embryonic development to correlate the structural and histochemical characteristics in both tissues during the histogenesis. Samples of human fetal lips were analysed using H/E, PAS, Cason, Alcian blue, Toluidine blue and Methenamine/silver. The process of glandular histogenesis begun between 8 to 10 weeks. The mesenchyma surrounding the glandular buds had PAS positive granulations which were also alcianophilic, metachromatic and periodatoreactive. Periodatoreactive collagenous fibrillae, reticular cells and nervous fibers of considerable diameter were observed. Basement membranes were PAS positive, alcianophilic and discontinuous. At 12 weeks the mesenchyma differentiated as loose connective tissue which produced a delicate periglandular capsule with fibroblast and collagenous fibrillae. From 20 to 24 weeks the acini were structurally and histochemically differentiated as serous, mucous and mixed. It was postulated that the periglandular mesenchyma would play and important role in the morphogenetic process in relation to the histochemical identification of molecules which have a specific biological functions in the epithelium-mesenchyma interactions during organogenesis.

Morfogénesis de las glándulas linguales del embrión de pollo

Se realizó el estudio citoquímico y ultraestructural de las glándulas linguales del embrión de pollo con el objeto de analizar el desarrollo morfogenético y los glicoconjugados elaborados por las mismas para inferir sus posibles significancias histofisiológicas con referencia a las glándulas salivales de esta especie. Se emplearon lengua de embriones de pollo de 7 a 19 días de incubación las que se procesaron para su estudio ultraestructural y citoquímico (Rojo de Rutenio, PAS, Alcian blue, Azul de Toluidina). A los 11 días aparecián esbozos y cordones celulares canalizados cuyas células se relacionaban mediante complejos de unión. No se detectó reacción positiva para mucinas. A partir de los 15 días los acinos estaban bien diferenciados, con gránulos secretorios PAS positivos, alcianofílicos y metacromáticos. Poseían organelas típicas de la síntesis proteica y secreción luminal Rojo de Rutenio positiva, alcianofílica, metacromática y PAS positiva. A los 19 días se detectó un marcado incremento de las mucinas. Estas observaciones demuestran que las glándulas linguales están citoquímica y ultraestructuralmente diferenciadas desde los 15 días del desarrollo y contribuirán por medio de los glicoconjugados como ya ha sido establecido a la lubricación de los alimentos. Además podrían iniciar el proceso digestivo de los mismos y protegerían a la mucosa bucal, evitando su deshidratación y la proliferación de gérmenes patógenos